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In the late 19th century, Post-Impressionism emerged in France. Unified by a subjective approach to painting, this major art movement was pioneered by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne, a French painter whose work is characterized by painterly brushstrokes, an avant-garde approach to perspective, and a vivid color palette.
In addition to his role as an important Post-Impressionist, Cézanne is celebrated as the forefather of Fauvism and a precursor to Cubism. Given his prominence in these groundbreaking genres, Cézanne is regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of modern art.
“Self-Portrait with Palette,” c. 1890 (Photo: The Yorck Project via Wikimedia Commons Public Domain)
Who is Cézanne?
Paul Cézanne was born in Aix-en-Provence, a commune in the south of France, in 1839. While he lived and worked primarily in this region, he also spent time in Paris, where he exhibited with Impressionist artists like Claude Monet and Mary Cassatt.
While he worked closely with these figures, he did not consider himself an Impressionist. Unlike the Impressionists, Cézanne preferred painting in a studio to working en plein air. He rejected their seemingly spontaneous brushwork and favored organized, orderly compositions. He also was not interested in capturing fleeting impressions of his subjects—a key characteristic of Impressionism—and focused on symbolism and substance over style. “I wanted to make out of Impressionism something solid and lasting like the art of the museums,” he explained (Joachim Gasquet's Cézanne: A Memoir With Conversations).
As a result of this artistic approach, Cézanne developed a one-of-a-kind aesthetic distinguishable from that of his contemporaries.
Aesthetic
“Constructive” Brushwork
Early in his career, Cézanne used palette knives to produce heavily textured paintings. After working alongside the Impressionists, however, he was inspired to embrace new methods of paint application.
Like the Impressionists, he adopted a “broken brushwork” technique. Unlike the quick, sketch-like brushstrokes characteristic of Impressionism, however, Cézanne employed “constructive strokes“—meticulously arranged marks that that worked together to create geometric forms. As Cézanne avoided the use of dark lines, he relied on this contrasting brushwork to “define the outlines of objects when their points of contact are tenuous and delicate.”
Bright Color
In addition to painterly brushstrokes, Cézanne's paintings are also characterized by a recognizable color palette. While many of his early works are rendered in somber tones, he eventually adopted a preference for planes of saturated hues.
This tonal treatment is particularly pronounced in his landscapes, like his radiant views of Mont Sainte-Victoire. In this sun-baked series, Cézanne reduces the mountains, trees, and Mediterranean homes of the Provençal countryside to fragmented-yet-harmonious blocks of color. These polychromatic planes add a sense of depth to each panoramic depiction and showcase Cézanne's avant-garde approach to representing nature. “I was pleased with myself when I discovered that sunlight could not be reproduced,” he explained, according to Renoir. His Life and Work. “It had to be represented by something else…by color.”
“Mont Sainte-Victoire and Château Noir,” c. 1904-1906 (Photo: Google Art Project via Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain])
Skewed Perspective
In his paintings, Cézanne often rejected realistic portrayals of space in favor of more creative compositions. This is particularly evident in his still-life depictions, which frequently feature fruit, bottles, and other everyday objects balanced on tilted, topsy-turvy tabletops.
“The Basket of Apples,” 1890-1894 (Photo: Art Institute of Chicago via Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain])
“Still Life with Milk Jug and Fruit,” c. 1900 (Photo: National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. via Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain])
Significant Works
The Card Players
During the early 1890s, Cézanne produced a series of five paintings called The Card Players. Although these works focus on similar subject matter, they differ slightly in the number of figures and stylistic approaches.
The Card Players painting from 1894–1895, for example, is one of three canvases that depict two card players at a table. Due to its later completion, this piece in particular contains more “constructive” brushwork—foreshadowing the quintessential style of Cézanne's later years.
The Bathers
Cézanne's magnum opus, which is also widely regarded as one of the masterpieces of all modern art, is called The Bathers. This large oil painting spans about 7 x 8 feet and depicts a group of naked women relaxing by a lake. Cézanne painted several versions of the subject throughout his career and spent seven years working on the most famous representation, which was left unfinished at the time of his death in 1906.
This grand painting recalls the works of classical masters such as Titian and Rubens in its content. Like them, Cézanne captured an atmosphere of romantic leisure. However, to stay true to his own artistic point of view, the Post-Impressionist abstracted the figures and background in strong, geometrical shapes.
Detail of “The Bathers”
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